GCSE Physics
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Speed = distance ÷ time
Metres per second (m/s)
Speed in a given direction
The rate of change of velocity
Acceleration = change in velocity ÷ time
Metres per second squared (m/s²)
v² = u² + 2as
v=final velocity u=initial velocity a=acceleration s=distance
A quantity with magnitude only
A quantity with both magnitude and direction
Speed and distance and mass
Velocity and displacement and force
An object at rest stays at rest unless acted on by a force
Force equals mass times acceleration
F = ma
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
The force of gravity acting on an object
Weight = mass × gravitational field strength
Newtons (N)
Mass is amount of matter; weight is gravitational force
10 N/kg
The product of mass and velocity
Momentum = mass × velocity
Kilogram metres per second (kg m/s)
Total momentum before collision equals total momentum after
Thinking distance plus braking distance
Distance travelled while driver reacts
Distance travelled while brakes are applied
Speed and alcohol and drugs and tiredness
Speed and road conditions and tire condition and brake condition
Energy transferred when a force moves an object
Work done = force × distance moved
Joules (J)
The rate of energy transfer
Power = energy transferred ÷ time
Watts (W)
Energy due to motion
KE = ½mv²
Energy due to position in a gravitational field
GPE = mgh
Energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred
The fraction of input energy that is usefully transferred
Efficiency = useful energy output ÷ total energy input
Efficiency × 100%
Mass per unit volume
Density = mass ÷ volume
Kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m³)
Force per unit area
Pressure = force ÷ area
Pascals (Pa) or Newtons per square metre (N/m²)
Pressure = height × density × gravitational field strength
The weight of the fluid above
Upward force exerted by a fluid on an object
Upthrust equals weight of fluid displaced
The flow of electric charge
Current = charge ÷ time
Amperes (A)
Energy per unit charge
Volts (V)
Opposition to current flow
Ohms (Ω)
Voltage = current × resistance
V = IR
Rate of energy transfer in the circuit
P = IV and P = I²R and P = V²/R
Energy = power × time
Add all resistances together
1/Rtotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
Current is the same throughout
Voltage is shared between components
Current splits between branches
Voltage is the same across each branch
Current that flows in one direction only
Current that changes direction regularly
50 Hz
230 V
Wire that carries current at 230V
Wire that completes the circuit at 0V
Safety wire that prevents electric shock
Brown
Blue
Green and yellow striped
Region where magnetic materials experience a force
Thumb=motion; First finger=field; Middle finger=current
Generation of voltage when conductor moves in magnetic field
Stronger magnet and faster movement and more turns of wire
Device that changes voltage using electromagnetic induction
V1/V2 = N1/N2
Increases voltage and decreases current
Decreases voltage and increases current
Reduces energy loss in power lines
Transfer of energy without transfer of matter
Maximum displacement from rest position
Distance between two identical points on consecutive waves
Number of waves passing a point per second
Hertz (Hz)
Wave speed = frequency × wavelength
Frequency = 1 ÷ period
Bouncing of waves off a surface
Bending of waves when entering different medium
Change in wave speed in different medium
Family of electromagnetic waves
Radio waves and microwaves and infrared and visible light and ultraviolet and X-rays and gamma rays
300000000 m/s (3 × 10⁸ m/s)
Communication and broadcasting
Cooking and satellite communication
Thermal imaging and remote controls
Security marking and killing bacteria
Medical imaging and security scanning
Medical treatment and sterilizing food
Can cause cancer and cell damage
Time for half the radioactive nuclei to decay
Radiation that exists naturally in environment
Splitting of large nuclei releasing energy
Joining of small nuclei releasing energy
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