GCSE Chemistry
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The smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical properties
A substance made of only one type of atom
A substance made of two or more different elements chemically bonded
Two or more substances that are not chemically bonded together
Solid and liquid and gas
The direct change from solid to gas without melting
Theory that all matter is made of tiny particles in constant motion
They move faster and take up more space
The spreading of particles from high to low concentration
Temperature and particle mass and concentration gradient
An atom or group of atoms with an electric charge
A positively charged ion
A negatively charged ion
The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
The sharing of electrons between atoms
The attraction between metal atoms and delocalized electrons
The number of protons in an atom's nucleus
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
Average mass of all isotopes taking into account their abundance
2.8.1
2.8.7
An element in Group 0 with a full outer electron shell
They have stable full outer electron shells
An arrangement of elements in order of atomic number
Horizontal rows showing electron shells
Vertical columns showing outer electrons
The alkali metals
The halogens
The noble gases
It increases because outer electron is further from nucleus
It decreases because it's harder to gain electrons
An element that loses electrons to form positive ions
An element that gains electrons to form negative ions
On the left side and center
On the right side
Symbols and numbers showing what elements are in a compound
Water contains 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom
An equation where atoms are conserved on both sides
Mass cannot be created or destroyed in chemical reactions
An insoluble solid formed when two solutions react
Separating an insoluble solid from a liquid
Separating a soluble solid from solution by evaporating water
Separating liquids with different boiling points
Separating mixtures based on different solubilities
A substance that produces H+ ions in water
A substance that neutralizes acids
A base that dissolves in water to produce OH- ions
A scale from 0-14 measuring how acidic or alkaline a solution is
Less than 7
Greater than 7
7
Acid plus base produces salt plus water
Salt plus hydrogen gas
Salt plus water plus carbon dioxide
Hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid and nitric acid
Sodium hydroxide and ammonia and calcium hydroxide
A substance that changes color to show pH
Red
Blue
Using electricity to break down ionic compounds
Positive ions gain electrons and are reduced
Negative ions lose electrons and are oxidized
Hydrogen at cathode and chlorine at anode and sodium hydroxide in solution
Loss of electrons or gain of oxygen
Gain of electrons or loss of oxygen
A reaction involving both oxidation and reduction
A list of metals in order of reactivity
Sodium
Reduction with carbon
Electrolysis
The oxidation of iron in the presence of oxygen and water
Painting and galvanizing and oiling
A rock containing enough metal to make extraction profitable
A mixture of hydrocarbons formed from ancient sea life
Separating crude oil into fractions based on boiling points
A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms
A saturated hydrocarbon with single bonds only
CnH2n+2
Methane and ethane and propane and butane
A reaction with oxygen that releases energy
Hydrocarbon plus oxygen produces carbon dioxide plus water
When there is insufficient oxygen producing carbon monoxide
It is a toxic gas that reduces oxygen transport in blood
Breaking long hydrocarbon molecules into shorter ones
It produces more useful shorter hydrocarbons like petrol
Thermal cracking and catalytic cracking
An unsaturated hydrocarbon with a double bond
Bromine water turns from orange to colorless
Joining small molecules called monomers to make polymers
Alkenes joining together to form long chains
Polyethene and polypropene and PVC
They are non-biodegradable and cause pollution
78% nitrogen 21% oxygen and small amounts of other gases
By photosynthesis from early plants
Plants using carbon dioxide and water to make glucose and oxygen
Greenhouse gases trapping heat in the atmosphere
Carbon dioxide and methane and water vapor
Burning fossil fuels and deforestation
Long-term changes in global weather patterns
Harmful substances released into the air
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from burning fossil fuels
Continuous movement of water between land sea and atmosphere
Filtration and sterilization to remove harmful substances
Water containing dissolved calcium and magnesium ions
Dissolved calcium hydrogen carbonate
Dissolved calcium sulfate
Boiling the water
Ion exchange or adding sodium carbonate
A resource that will eventually run out
A resource that can be replaced naturally
It conserves resources and reduces environmental impact
Meeting current needs without harming future generations
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